토익 기출 문법 영어 동사 12시제 심화자료 & 기출예제

토익 기출 문법 영어 동사 12시제 심화자료 & 기출예제

 

3. 시제

영어의 12시제  => 시제는 반드시 힌트가 있다!

※ 시제는 어휘유형문제에서 부사를 고르는 힌트가 됨

단순시제
과거 -ed / 불규칙	현재 동사원형 / -(e)s	미래 will[shall] + 동사원형
진행시제
과거진행 was[were] ~ing	현재진행 am[are,is] ~ing	미래진행 will be ~ing
완료시제
과거완료 had pp.	현재완료 have[has] pp.	미래완료 will have pp.
완료진행시제
과거완료진행 had been ~ing	현재완료진행 have[has] been ~ing	미래완료진행 will have been ~ing

 

- 단순시제

3-1. 과거 (동사원형+-ed / 불규칙 변화)
아래 힌트어가 보이면 과거시제를 고른다!
: yesterday, last year/month, 시간+ago, previously=formerly=once 예전에, initially 처음에, originally 원래(지금과 다른 변경되기 이전을 나타냄)

 

- 현재 (동사원형 / 동사원형+-es)
: 현재시제는 현재의 동작을 묘사하는 시제(현재진행)가 아니고 반복적인 행동이나 사실을 나타내는 시제.

He writes a book.	그는 책을 쓴다. (그는 책을 쓰는 사람. 즉, 작가)
He is writing a book.	그는 책을 쓰고 있는 중이다. (현재 동작을 묘사)

cf. 아래 현재시제 힌트어는 어휘문제에서 부사어휘로 매회 출제. 꾸미는 동사의 시제가 현재라면 아래 부사가 정답!

현재의미: now=currently=presently
(현재진행시제가 아닌 현재시제에서 현재의미 부사가 답이 되는 문장은 예전에는 어땠는데 지금은 이렇다 라고 해석이 되는 자리입니다)

빈도부사: always, frequently=often, occasionally, regularly=routinely=periodically, annually=every year=each year

‘일반적으로, 주로/대게’:
generally=usually=normally=typically
=customarily= largely
cf. generally(대부분의 사람들이)는 과거시제에도 쓰임.

 

3-2. 미래 (will/shall + 동사원형, be expected to do)
아래 힌트어가 보이면 미래시제를 고른다!
: tomorrow, next(=following) 다음 +시간/날짜표현,
later this afternoon, the end of the month/year,
shortly=soon 곧 + will/be expected to do

 

cf. soon 이 동사를 수식하지 않고 형용사나 부사를 수식할 때 문장의 시제는 관계가 없다. (과거도 가능!)
The report didn't arrive soon enough to meet the deadline.
soon enough to ~, ~만큼 충분히 빨리

 

cf. 현재진행시제는 현재 동작 뿐만 아니라 가까운 정해진 미래를 나타냅니다. 주로 이동의 뜻을 나타내는 동사(arrive, come, drive, fly, go, leave, start, travel, depart …)와 함께 쓰임.
I will leave later this afternoon. (X)
I am leaving later this afternoon. (O)

 

cf. later는 ‘나중에, ~후에’ 보다 ‘바로 곧 후에’ 로 해석.
I’ll call you later. 나중에 통화하자(X), 곧 있다 전화할게(O)

 

<기출예제>

3.1. Last week, Mr. Murtaugh _______ the necessary permission to use customer testimonials in our upcoming advertisement.
(A) obtained 
(B) obtaining 
(C) has obtained 
(D) will obtain

 

3.2. Mr. Kim _______ his report on automobile manufacturing techniques next Monday.
(A) will finish 
(B) to finish 
(C) finishing 
(D) finished

 

3.2. The telephone service _______ and will be unavailable for three hours later this afternoon.
(A) have repair
(B) will repair
(C) had been repaired
(D) is being repaired

 

※ 시제는 어휘유형문제에서 부사를 고르는 힌트가 됨
※.1. Bachmann Industries disclosed that it will _______ be prepared to expand its manufacturing facilities in Helsinki.
(A) once
(B) recently
(C) soon
(D) newly

 

※.2 Academic Publishing will move to the building that was _______ the residence occupied by local citizens.
(A) ever
(B) once
(C) former
(D) prior to

 

※.3. Requests for new office equipment _______    take one month to process.
(A) totally 
(B) quickly 
(C) generally  
(D) lightly

 

※.4. Photography sessions at Victory Portrait Studio _______ last about 30 minutes.
(A) lightly                       
(B) typically 
(C) patiently                    
(D) doubtfully

 

※.5. Ms. Dulta _______ arrives at the office at 9 o’clock, but she was delayed this morning.
(A) evenly
(B) greatly
(C) strongly
(D) usually

 

※.6. Formerly a graphic artist, Ms. Russo _______ divides her time between painting and teaching art.
(A) forward  
(B) soon
(C) far 
(D) now

 

※.7. The objective to streamline our workforce is not _______ on schedule and therefore we don't have much time.
(A) increasingly
(B) broadly
(C) considerably
(D) currently

 

※.8. Customers _______ return to Performance Wireless because of its low fees and excellent customer service.
(A) greatly
(B) moderately
(C) mutually
(D) frequently

 

※.9. The hit television show 'Infinite Challenge' _______ draws more than 2 million viewers per episode.
(A) shortly
(B) deeply
(C) finely
(D) regularly

 

※.10. Construction of the Fort Rolley Business Complex was _______ scheduled to be completed by January 31.
(A) strongly  
(B) extremely 
(C) originally 
(D) highly

 

※.11. The demand for decorative plant varieties is expected to rise _______, so gardeners are encouraged to stock up.
(A) mainly 
(B) soon 
(C) eagerly  
(D) ever

 

 

- 완료시제

 

3-3. 과거완료 (had + pp.)
: 문장 중에 과거 시제(기준 시점)가 있고 더 과거부터 과거(기준 시점)까지 라는 해석

: By the time + S+V(과거), 주어+동사(과거완료)+~ .

ex. Mr. Jackson had reviewed the report for the typing mistake by the time he submitted it to his director.

 

3-4. 현재완료 (have/has + pp.)
: since    + 시점            (~이래로)
: for[over] + 기간          (~동안)
: for/in/over/during + the past[last] + 기간
                                       (지난 ~동안)
: recently/lately + 현재완료(과거시제도 많이 나옵니다)
: already/just, ever/never/yet

(현재완료시제는 on Wednesday, yesterday, tomorrow 같은 구체적인/특정한 시간표현과 함께 쓸 수 없습니다. 구체적인/특정한 시간표현 + 단순시제)

 

have _______ pp. 사이에 정답이 되었던 부사
: already, consistently, finally, recently, nearly(almost)
since (adv. 그때 이후로, 그 이후 여태까지)

cf. nearly(=almost, 거의)가 답이 되는 경우
① nearly(almost) + complete/finished/over 거의 끝난
: <collocation어휘집-부사>부사+동사 참고
② ​nearly(almost) + 숫자
: <collocation어휘집-부사>부사+숫자 참고
③ have + nearly(almost) + pp.  (현재완료 사이)
④ almost everyone 거의 모든 사람, almost all 거의 모든, almost no 거의 없는

  

3-5. 미래완료 (will/shall have + pp.)
: 문장 중에 현재 or 미래 표현이 있고 지금하고 있는 일이 미래(기준 시점)에 가서 완료된다는 해석

: 주어+동사(미래완료)+ ~ by the time + S+V(현재시제)+(미래표현).
  주어+동사(미래완료)+ ~ by + 미래시점

ex. He will have arrived in Paris by the time morning comes.
    I will have studied for TOEIC by tomorrow.

 

cf. 기출에서 과거완료, 미래완료는 꼭 by 혹은 by the time 표현이 있어야 정답이었습니다.(과거완료, 미래완료 모두 기준이 되는 시점이 있어야 하기 때문입니다) 그리고 미래완료시제가 단서가 되어 by the time을 고르는 문제가 출제된 적도 있습니다.

 

<기출예제>

3.3. By the time the merger was announced, the combined company _______ operating under its new name, Selex & Kodak Express.
(A) begins 
(B) will begin 
(C) had begun 
(D) having begun

 

3.4. For the past year, Kave Rkania _______ to be the leading salesperson at Carter Motors.
(A) aspiring 
(B) aspire 
(C) has aspired 
(D) is aspiring

 

3.5. Anna Kim _______ the design by the time she meets with the owner of Katan Clothing next week.
(A) will have completed
(B) is completing
(C) completed
(D) completes

 

※ 시제는 어휘유형문제에서 부사를 고르는 힌트가 됨

※.1. Due to the large number of newly hired employees, our employee directory has _______ been updated.
(A) recently
(B) fairly
(C) openly 
(D) normally

 

※.2. The recent rains have _______ ensured that Du Cette Farms will have an abundant harvest.
(A) already
(B) early 
(C) soon
(D) someday

 

※.3. Since adopting chemical-free farming methods last year, Trickle Creek Orchard has _______ doubled its profit margin.
(A) until 
(B) after 
(C) while 
(D) almost

 

 ※.4. Ms. Smith began her career as a customer service representative, but she has _______ become a renowned CEO.
(A) ever
(B) yet
(C) so
(D) since

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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